Shulamith Firestone Radical Feminist, Theorist, Author

Known for: radical feminist theoryOccupation: writerDates: born 1945, died August 28, 2012Also known as: Shulie Firestone Background Shulamith (Shulie) Firestone was a feminist theorist known for her book The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution, published when she was only 25 years old. Born in Canada in 1945 to an Orthodox Jewish family, Shulamith Firestone moved to the United States as a child and graduated from the Art Institute of Chicago. She was the subject of a short 1967 documentary called Shulie, part of a series of films made by Chicago art students. The film followed a typical day in her life with scenes of commuting, working, and making art. Although never released, the film was revisited in a shot-by-shot simulacrum remake in 1997, also called Shulie. The original scenes were faithfully recreated but she was played by an actress. Feminist Groups Shulamith Firestone helped create several radical feminist groups. With Jo Freeman, she started The Westside Group, an early consciousness-raising group in Chicago. In 1967, Firestone was one of the founding members of New York Radical Women. When NYRW split into factions amid disagreement about what direction the group should take, she launched Redstockings with Ellen Willis. The members of Redstockings rejected the existing political left. They accused other feminist groups of still being part of a society that oppressed women. Redstockings drew attention when its members disrupted a 1970 abortion hearing in New York City at which the scheduled speakers were a dozen men and a nun. Redstockings later held its own hearing, allowing women to testify about abortion. Shulamith Firestone’s Published Works In her 1968 essay â€Å"The Women’s Rights Movement in the U.S.A: New View,† Shulamith Firestone asserted that women’s rights movements have always been radical, and have always been strongly opposed and stamped out.  She pointed out that it was extremely difficult for 19th-century women to take on the church, the entrenched law of white male power, and the â€Å"traditional† family structure that ably served the industrial revolution. Portraying suffragists as old ladies gently persuading men to allow them to vote was an effort to minimize both the women’s struggle and the oppression against which they fought. Firestone insisted the same thing was happening to 20th-century feminists. Shulamith Firestone’s best-known work is the 1970 book The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution. In it, Firestone says that a culture of sex discrimination can be traced back to the biological structure of life itself. She claims that society may have evolved to a point with advanced reproductive technology where women could be liberated from â€Å"barbaric† pregnancy and painful childbirth. By eliminating this fundamental difference between the sexes, sex discrimination could finally be eliminated. The book became an influential text of feminist theory and is often remembered for the notion that women could seize the means of reproduction.  Kathleen Hanna and Naomi Wolf, among others, have noted the book’s importance as a part of feminist theory.   Shulamith Firestone disappeared from the public eye after the early 1970s. After struggling with mental illness, in 1998 she published Airless Spaces, a collection of short stories about characters in New York City who drift in and out of mental hospitals. The Dialectic of Sex was reissued in a new edition in 2003. On August 28, 2012, Shulamith Firestone was found dead in her apartment in New York City.

The Issue Of Police Training - 1924 Words

Each year citizens die in encounters with law enforcement officers. It is reported that â€Å"Americans are eight times more likely to be killed by a police officer than by a terrorist† (Rucke, 2013). Although there is no official data base tracking these occurrences it is estimated that between 500 and a 1,000 people are killed by police officers each year. To put this in greater perspective this number equals approximately 5,000 since the 9/11 terror attack which is roughly the same number as U.S. soldiers who have been killed in the line of duty in Iraq (Rucke, 2013). This statistic is justifiably concerning. The cause of police related killings are multifold and cannot be attributed to only one factor. Many deaths may be unavoidable and perhaps, dependent on the situation, necessary. I contend, however, that many of these deaths may very well be preventable. It is my opinion that police training is very specific focusing on situational containment which involves quickly and forcefully apprehending criminal suspects. Although police training does include aspects of communication, the general intent is to establish authority over the person in question. This is done by communicating the impression of overwhelming force and aggression. I would contend that these two factors are the main principles of police training, whether it be verbal or physical interaction with the suspect. This approach is understandable for the law enforcement profession is fraught with danger and theShow MoreRelatedThe Law Enforcement Recruitment And Training Needs1580 Words   |  7 PagesTerm Paper: Cops Czar for the State of Missouri Identify the Major Law Enforcement Recruitment and Training Needs: Recruitment Needs The profession of policing derives its effectiveness from its ability to attract and employ quality individuals who will strive to better their community. Therefore proper recruitment and selection of officers is incredibly important to a police organization. Some major needs to Missouri’s recruitment process will be addressed in the following paragraphs. DiversityRead MoreIn Our Ever-Changing World, Mankind Has Always Been Concerned1389 Words   |  6 Pagesto note, that, police officers should not be dealing with mentally ill people. It can be seen that there has been a link between police departments and mental situations throughout our history. In this paper I am going to be analyzing why police officers lack training when dealing with mentally ill people. Furthermore, I am going to argue that Police officers lack of training with handling disputes with those with mental health issues. There have been many incidences where police officers interactRead MorePolice Misconduct And Criminal Justice923 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Police executives have always had different issues within the police department. Most police executives try to find a quick fix in order to solve the issue of police misconduct. Police misconduct is defined as inappropriate action taken by police officers in relation with their official duties (Police Misconduct Law Legal Definition, n.d.). In order to solve this issue, one must acknowledge their different challenges, overcome the â€Å"code of silence†, and find out the role of organizationalRead MorePrivacy Violations At The Open Lake Park Police Department1671 Words   |  7 Pagesin the police force is occurring. Sometimes, this equipment malfunctions and ends up doing more harm than the good it promised. When this occurs, a reevaluation of how the cameras are being used should happen to make sure improvements occur. As shown by the recent privacy violations to the Round Lake Police Department regarding body-worn cameras, officers need to become more familiar with th e technology they are using and stricter policies about their usage are necessary. Recently, issues concerningRead More`` Blue Blood `` By Edward Conlon Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagesleading to the creation of police officers who would enforce these laws and regulations. However, this is one of the world’s most dangerous and stressful professions. Mainly because police officers are expected to put their lives on the line every single day to protect and serve society. Even though this is the case, becoming a police officer has always been a goal of mine. Edward Conlon book called, â€Å"Blue Blood† provides amazing insight on what it’s like to be a police officer. This is because EdwardRead MorePolice Brutality Is An Act Of Aggression And Unnecessary Force1571 Words   |  7 Pagesestimate annual cost of police misconduct to taxpayers is 1.8 trillion dollars (Wing 2015)? Police brutality is an act of aggression and unnecessary force to handle a situation, most cases in physical form. It also plays a role in ethnicity, not all, but most police officers are still racial profiling. This controversy has been an issue of the U.S criminal justice system for decades, especially among minorities. In 2015, a record 1,207 people were killed by American police, making us the only nationRead MoreCriminal Justice As An Adjunct Professor At The Nevada Air National Guard Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesSUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS: Thirty-five years of policing experience in a large metropolitan police department with a tourist based economy. Retired in 2009 as the Assistant Chief of Police. Operational and Senior command experience in Administration, Patrol and Detective Divisions. Recognized internationally for training, presentations and publications in Community and Problem Oriented Policing and a wide-range of other policing topics. Retired as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Nevada Air NationalRead MoreThe Police Problem Of An Award Winning Tv Show Southland1657 Words   |  7 Pages This paper will discuss a police problem depicted in an award winning TV-show Southland. This scripted TV-show was based on lives and work of Los Angeles Police Officers. The episodes reviewed for this assignment were from season 5, episodes 1. â€Å"Hats and Bats† originally aired February 13, 2013, and 2. â€Å"Heat,† originally aired February 13, 2013. This TV-show was the first of its kind to resemble of a filming technique often seen in reality TV-shows making the show more realistic in that aspectRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesDilemma of a Police Officer Professions are guided by codes of ethics to aid them in performance of their duties and to ensure maintenance of high standards of conduct. Police officers are faced with a maze of obligations in the performance of their official duties. The â€Å"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics† and â€Å"Canons of Police Ethics† were created to make explicit the conduct considered appropriate for police officers and to guide them in the performance of their duties. Although police have these guidesRead MoreThe Importance Of Police Officers852 Words   |  4 Pagesminorities. Perhaps an issue generated from this distrust, many officers have been accused of using excessive force; unfortunately, it’s difficult to tell whether or not the allegations are true or not. One debated solution to this issue is to require on duty police officers to wear body cameras (body cams). These cameras would be mounted to the chest of police officers and capture any events that transpire from thei r point of view. Regardless of where you stand on the issue of police brutality, requiring

Discrimination has been on the... free essay sample

Discrimination has been on the battlefield for centuries whether it pertains to race, gender, color, sex, religion, beliefs, or pay. At the forefront of this generation and many before us is workplace discrimination as it relates to pay. This form of discrimination reflects the common myths and biases that men are the breadwinners or providers for their family, and women are responsible for taking care of the home and children. In 2014, women who worked all year earned 79 cents for every dollar her male counterpart earned (Council of Economic Advisers, 2016). Women, who are equally trained, educated, and share the same experience as men, are not getting equal pay. Women have proven that they can produce the same results, have the same education, and have the same capacity to accomplish the same tasks as men if not more. If equal pay for equal work is to be beneficial to all, legislation must specifically highlight and make provisions that directly affect women of minority groups as well as women in general. The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 It was the first bill signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2009 for equal pay for equal work. It restored the protection against pay discrimination that was stripped away by the Supreme Courts decision in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire ; Rubber Company. The Act extended the time period in which claimants can bring pay discrimination claims, enabling victims of pay discrimination to seek redress when they otherwise could not. For years, Lilly Ledbetter was paid at least 15 percent less than the lowest-paid man in her equivalent position. The Act reinstates prior law and makes clear that pay discrimination claims on the basis of sex, race, national origin, age, religion and disability accrue whenever an employee receives a discriminatory paycheck, as well as when a discriminatory pay decision or practice is adopted, when a person becomes subject to the decision or practice, or when a person is otherwise affected by the decision or practice. The law is retroactive to May 28, 2007, the day before the Court issued its ruling in Ledbetter (National Womens Law Center, 2013). It changed the legal process around claims of gender discrimination, one of many factors contributing to the pay gap (Council of Economic Advisers, 2016). The passage of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act also promoted voluntary compliance by employers, allowed employees to assess the validity of their claims, and responded to workplace realities (National Womens Law Center, 2013).The wage gap by genderThe gender wage gap has many causes and contributors, including differences in education, experience, occupation and industry, and family responsibilities Women account for 47% of the labor force, up from 29 percent in 1948. The typical woman working full-time full-year earns 21% less than the typical man. The pay gap closed by 17 percentage points between 1981 and 2001, it had remained flat since 2001. The gap closed by 1. 8 percentage point from 2012 to 2013 and by an additional percentage point between 2013 and 2014. The gender pay gap in the United States has not changed substantially over the last 15 years, other industrialized nations have made greater progress in closing the gap. The gender wage gap in the United States is about 2.5 percentage points larger than the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average (Council of Economic Advisers, 2016). Studies conducted across all sectors (public and private) also report that the gender gap in human capital explains majority of the pay gap and that women are oftentimes punished for time away from work (Alkadry and Bishu, 2016).The latest release from the World Economic Forum—the Gender Gap Report 2016 indicates that in the past 10 years, the global gender gap across education and economic opportunity and politics has closed by 4 percent, while the economic gap has closed by 3 percent (Verniers and Vala, 2018). The repo rt goes on to say that it will take the world another 118 years or until 2133 to close the economic gap entirely. Women are more likely to work part-time or be employed in low-paid jobs and not take on management positions. The motherhood myths have the potential to create psychological barriers impairing womens attempt to seek power in the workplace and mens involvement in child care (Verniers and Vala, 2018). Motherhood myths might operate more broadly as justifications for gender discrimination regarding career opportunity. The basic principle of anti-discrimination has been enacted by many countries in the second half of the 20th century, some measures are still adopted nowadays, such as the obligation for employers to publish information by 2018 about their bonuses for men and women as part of their gender pay gap reporting, a provision recently taken by the UK government (Verniers and Vala, 2018).Several factors have contributed to the gap between mens and womens wages. The Equal Pay Act (part of the Fair Labor Standards Act), forbids employers to compensate women differently for jobs tha t are substantially equal, that is, almost identical. All forms of pay are covered by this law, including salary, overtime pay, bonuses, stock options, profit sharing and bonus plans, life insurance, vacation and holiday pay, cleaning or gasoline allowances, hotel accommodations, reimbursement for travel expenses, and benefits. If there is an inequality in wages between men and women, employers may not reduce the wages of either sex to equalize their pay (U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission). Traditionally, women have worked in different occupations than men; these occupations tend to be substantially different, pay less, and confer less authority. The wage gap by raceThe typical non-Hispanic white woman earned 75 percent of what the typical non-Hispanic white man earned. Women of color face a wider pay gap in comparison to white men. Non-Hispanic black woman made only 60 percent of a typical non-Hispanic white mans earnings, while the typical Hispanic woman earned only 55 percent. The typical black non-Hispanic woman earns 82 percent of what the typical black non-Hispanic man does, and the comparable number for Hispanic women is 88 percent. While the gender pay gap in the United States has not changed substantially over the last 15 years, other industrialized nations have made greater progress in closing the gap (Council of Economic Advisers, 2016). According to a report released by the Economic Policy Institute (EPI), black men and women earn significantly less than white counterparts largely due to job market discrimination, and this racial wage gap has significantly widened over the last 36 years (Marans, 2018). In 1979, when landmark civil rights laws were newer, blacks earned 16.9 percent less. Black women earned 11.7 percent less than white peers in 2015, and 4. 5 percent less in 1979, according to EPI. In 2015, black men earned 22 percent less than white men who worked full-time and lived in the same regions with comparable educations and work experience as reported by Valerie Wilson, director of Program on Race, Ethnicity and the Economy, and William Rodgers, public policy professor at Rutgers University. Black women earned 34.2 percent less than white men living in the same regions with comparable education and experience. Younger black women (ages 18 to 35) with 10 years experience or less in the workplace lost the most ground compared to their white counterparts. These young black women went from earning 4.1 percent less than white women with similar experience in 2000 to 10. 8 percent less in 2015 ? more than doubling the racial wage gap for this group (Marans, 2018). In the 1980s, there was a massive decline in the number of higher-paying unionized jobs, which hit African-Americans disproportionately hard, especially in the Midwest, according to EPI. These jobs were replaced by lower-paying positions. The late 1990s saw a decline in the racial wage gap because booming economic growth forced employers to compete for workers, resulting in the largest and broadest wage gains in the past four decades. Many states also began raising their minimum wages above the federal level, which helped ease the racial disparity. From 1996 to 2000, the racial wage gap declined significantly for both black men and women because of major economic and policy developments that weakened the earnings and workplace power of black workers. These jobs were replaced by lower-paying positions (Marans, 2018). Since the beginning of 2000, the narrowing of the wage gap was undone, and the gap continued to grow. The lack of progress can be attributed to a recession in 2001 that was followed by a jobless recovery. A few years later, there was the much larger recession of 2007, which affected African-Americans. The typical households income went up more than 5 percent from 2014 to 2015 ? the largest single-year increase the census has ever recorded. The median income of black households rose a more modest 4.1 percent. Racial disparity went down by just under a percentage point for black men from 2014 to 2015. It went up for black women (Marans, 2018).Education, experience, and family responsibilities One-third of the decline in the pay gap during the 1980s was due to womens relative gains in experience (whereas the major factor in the pay gap decline in the 1990s was increases in womens educational attainment) according to economists, Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn.In the 1960s and 1970s, men were more likely than women to graduate from college. On-the-job experience is another important determinant of wages, and in the past, women often left the labor force after marrying or having children. Today, most mothers with an infant are in the labor force (Council of Economic Advisers, 2016). In 1980, the typical 18-34 year old woman who worked earned about 74 cents an hour for every dollar the typical man earned, but by 2014, this figure had increased to 91 cents. The gender wage gap has narrowed faster among younger women because the age of first birth has risen (24. 9 to 26.3 from 2000 to 2014). Delaying childbirth for one year can increase a womans total career earnings and experience by 9 percent. If the United States had family-friendly labor market policies comparable to those in other OECD countries, the female labor force participation rate would be 4 percentage points higher (Council of Economic Advisers, 2016). Women, even highly-educated women, are less likely to negotiate their first job offer than men. Women were more often penalized for initiating negotiations, which the authors attribute to perceptions of niceness and demandingness (Bowles, Babcock, Lai 2016). Eliminating pay secrecy can play an important role in helping women negotiate. Drivers of the pay gapWorkplace authority is one of the most recurring driver of the gender pay gap in organizations. Access to workplace authority is also an important aspect of an individuals development in the workforce. Disparity in access to workplace authority is a condition where individuals who are equally qualified are denied access to authority opportunities based on non-work-related attributes including race, gender, and/or other factors (Alkadry and Bishu, 2016). Gender-based workplace authority disparity can infer two important disparities in the workforce. First, it infers that women are systematically denied access to positions with authority in the workforce. Second, even when women are granted positions of authority, compared with their male counterparts, the level of authority they exercise may differ, hence also implying that the economic return from their job can be lower than their male counterparts (Alkadry and Bishu, 2016).Access to hiring and promotion Accordi ng to studies conducted by Powell and Butterfield, subjective appraisals that determine hiring and promotion decisions create a condition where women and minorities are being systematically denied of career opportunities that could potentially result in better economic and other benefits. The glass ceiling phenomenon is one of the ways that discrimination in access to promotion is manifested in the workforce. The U.S. Department of Labor defines the glass ceiling as those artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that prevent qualified individuals from advancing upward in their organizations (Alkadry and Bishu, 2016). Other concepts to explore as it relates to access to hiring and promotion to explore are leaky pipeline and sticky floors. The leaky pipelines concept argues that women and minorities face disadvantages at different stages of their career trajectory and leak out before reaching management positions. This concept of workplace inequality prompts researchers to investigate where leaks happen and what factors produce these leaks (Zeng, 2011). The sticky floor concept explains the concentration of women and minorities in lower echelon position in organizations. Sticky floor explains systematic ways in which women are denied of opportunities to advance from lower echelon position in their organizations and a large pay gap exists between each echelon of the wage distributions (Zeng, 2011).

Judaism, Hinduism, And Buddhism Essays - Indian Religions

Judaism, Hinduism, And Buddhism The religions of Judaism, Hinduism, and Buddhism all have there own beliefs. These beliefs play a big role in a persons everyday life, and influence aspects of their culture such as holidays, diet, social structure, art, and music. In Judaism, they believe that the Sabbath day should be kept holy, and that you should follow the Ten Commandments, the laws of G-d. Their diets consist of kosher food, and have there own New Year, Rosh Hashanah. Hindus believe in Brahman and Karma, which are both a part of the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Theyre vegetarians, and have a fairly complex social structure called the caste system. Buddhists believe in Buddhas teachings of the Four Noble Truths. These lead to there belief in following the Eightfold Path in order to reach nirvana. Their art consists of statues of the Buddha, each part having its own meaning. Their music was for the temple and they had their own special way of singing. Two basic beliefs in the religion of Judaism are that the Sabbath is holy, and that you should follow the Ten Commandments. Sabbath, or Shabbat in Hebrew means cease or desist. It takes place from sunset on Friday until sunset on Saturday, and you are prohibited from doing any work, unless it severely effects your life or health. The mistress of the house lights two white candles and says a blessing. An Omeg is held after Friday night or Saturday afternoon services, where theres usually refreshments, songs, and lectures. It took G-d six days to create the world, and on the seventh day he rested. When G-d gave the Ten Commandments to Moses, he asked that the people also rest on the seventh day of the week. The Ten Commandments are the laws of G-d given to Moses at Mount Sinai. They state that: (1) You shall have no other g-ds before me, (2) I am the only g-d, (3) You shall not take the Lords name in vain, (4) Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy, (5) Honor your Father and Mother, (6) You shall not kill, (7) You shall not commit adultery, (8) You shall not steal, (9) You shall not bare false witness against your neighbor, and (10) You shall not covet (be jealous of) your neighbor. The first four are covenants between you and G-d, and the last six are between you and other people. The Ten Commandments were written on two stone tablets by G-d, and are in the Old Testament of the Bible. It is believed that Moses, in fury of the sight of people disobeying G-d, threw down and destroyed them. No one knows where the tablets remain today. Jewish people eat kosher food, and celebrate the holiday of Rosh Hashanah. Kosher, meaning fit or proper is used to refer to food in accordance to Jewish dietary laws. The animals must chew their cud and have cloven hooves. Fish must have distinct scales and fins (no shellfish). The food must not be derived from animals, birds, or fish prohibited in Leviticus 11 or Deuteronomy 14, meat must be slaughtered by the method of shehitah, the meat must be salted and soaked to get rid of all blood, and milk will not be mixed with meat. A special way of preparing and slaughtering the meat (shehitah) also applies. First, a certified (by a rabbi) shohet says a prayer over the animal. Using an extremely sharp, nick-free knife, a swift sweep is made across the throat, making the animal unconscious. All blood is then drained from the animal. Many Jewish people keep a kosher home every day and on holidays like Rosh Hashanah. This is the Jewish New Year, and means, head of the year in Hebrew. It is also sometimes referred to as Yom Ha-Zikkaron (the day of remembrance), or Yom Teruah (the day of the sounding of the shofar). It takes place on the first and second of Tishrei (Jewish calendar), and is one of the most holy days of the year. Its celebrating the creation of the world, and some traditions are the blowing of the shofar and dipping apples into honey. The shofar, or rams horn, is